Health Care’s Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability Essay Example

Health Care’s Professional Regulation and Criminal Liability Essay Research your state’s statutes for the regulation of health care professionals, including licensure, credentialing, certification, and registration requirements. In addition, research areas of potential criminal liability relating to these procedures, as well as professional misconduct. Then, prepare a 1,400-1,750 word paper that summarizes your findings with respect to one type of health care professional (e.g. physicians, nurses, pharmacists, nurse practitioners, etc.). Include the following components:a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify the civil complaint process for patients/consumers to use in the event of suspected professional misconduct or incompetence.b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Explore the role of the respective regulatory agencies in investigating such allegations and determining and applying appropriate disciplinary action, if any.c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify any potential criminal liability that could result to the health care professional relative to abuse s perpetrated in practices involving these procedures, as well as professional misconduct.d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ascertain the process that would be followed in the event that criminal charges were to be filled for the described criminal behavior.The one type of health care professional I select for this assignment is â€Å"Physicians.† I included a web link for the research portion.   Link to the Medical Board of Californiahttp://www.mbc.ca.gov/Index.htmThis web links covers complaint process, disciplinary actions and more.The Business and Professional Codes in the State of California are given under Section 800 to 809.9.   All Professional boards, including the Medical Board of California maintain a register of the names and addresses of all the practitioners.   All information of the licensees such as criminal records, insurance judgments and settlements, public complaints, disciplinary actions, etc, is noted.   The information of all the files are maintained c onfidential by the Board, but relevant information may be required for public records.   The Board shall protect the licensee from misuse of any of the personal information (which could result in threats to reputation, rights, benefits, etc).   From time to time, the Board may ask the licensee to submit additional information.The Laws of the Medical Board of California are one of the stringiest in the Country.   In the year 2003-04, the Board received about 5000 applications, out of which about 4000 were passed.   It can take anywhere between six to eight months for the applicant to obtain a license.   The Medical Board has to get some information of the potential licensee from the medical schools.   The long time period in giving licenses is mainly due to the huge number of applicants.   The applicants are examined in order of submission.   Once the duly filled in application form along with the documents and the fees are submitted, each of the applications are revi ewed.   The applicant should also submit fingerprint cards.   Once the initial review process is finished (usually it takes within 60 days), the applicant is informed, and has to submit a list of documents notified by the Board.   Usually for US and Canadian Graduates, the review process is quicker than candidates from other countries.   The FBI Fingerprint clearance is also required which may take some time.   In case of international applicants, it may take a longer time, as the applicant may not have the education and training requirements required by the California laws to practice in the state.   It may take a longer time to obtain documents from foreign schools and translated versions of certificates.   Once the documents are submitted and are in order, it may take about 3 months for them to be processed.   The senior authorities of the California Medical Board will review the applicant’s details and credentials.   In some cases unprecedented delays ma y occur during processing, and hence, no applicant is given an exact date when their application would be ready.Patients are encouraged to file a complaint with the Board, when they have been harmed by the physician, and to prevent harm to other people.   The procedure is usually similar for civil malpractice and criminal liability.   The Medical Board of California is ready to help people to file a complaint against the physician for medical malpractice and also ensures their confidentiality.   However, the physician may know about the complainant identity as he/she may have to provide the case records and the details of the case during the investigation period.   Some of the reasons for filing disciplinary actions against the physicians include:-Situations in which the physician seriously departs from the established standards of practice whilst providing medical care (gross negligence).   Some of these include avoidance of diagnostic tests, not using accepted method of diagnosing and relating the patients or not identifying and treating the symptoms of the patients, and not seeking reference with a specialist.Repeatedly performing certain acts that may not be considered serious departure forms the accepted standards of practice, but can be referred to as ‘simple negligence.Incompetence on the part of the physician can be considered when the physician lacks knowledge, experience and skill in performing a particular medical procedure, or uses an obsolete procedure.Sexual violationsSubstance abuseCriminal activityUnlawful use of drugs in the prescriptionFiling of false insurance claimsPermitting an unlicensed person to deliver patient careFor several medical malpractices and misconducts, the physician could be held for criminal liability.   Any serious injury, physical or mental retardation, death, etc arising during the medical treatment in the care of the physician could be considered under criminal liability.   However, the standard of p roof required for proving criminal negligence is very high compared to civil liability.   The physician is usually liable when the standard of care provided is deficient to the standard or reasonable level.   In the US about 44, 000 deaths occur annually as a result of medical negligence.   Some of the other cases of criminal liability occur when the physician is not able to diagnose a potential disorder or gives a faulty diagnosis, delays giving a test interpretation or gives a test interpretation that is faulty, discrepancies during administration of drugs, fails to provide certain information to the patients before or during the performance of any medical procedure, uses substandard equipment or drugs, sexually abuses the patient, etc.The Medical Board of California respects a complaint from the people when it suspects that the laws have been dishonored.   The Attorney General charges the violators and also punishes the violators on behalf of the public.   The Board is represented at the hearings against the physicians by the Deputy Attorney General.   The Board has a Division for maintaining Medical Quality.   This Board review, accepts, rejects or alters the decisions set by the judges at the public hearing, or sets new decisions that are an alternative to the decision set by the judges at the public hearing, or takes disciplinary actions as an agreement as an alternative procedure to public hearings.   The Board can suspend or cancel the license issued to a physician incase the charges are proved against the physician.   They can also place the physician on probation for a certain period, impose fines or penalties or limit the practice.   The appropriate law enforcement agency is informed when criminal charges have been proved against the physician to enforce criminal punishment (such as fines and imprisonment).   Sometimes, the Board can conduct an examination to determine the competency level of the physician.   Physicians who a buse alcohol or drugs whilst delivering patient care may have to undergo a rehabilitation program under the supervision of the Board.   The Board also provides information to the patients about the current licensure details of the physician, the disciplinary action taken against a physician, disciplinary charges pending, and history of medical malpractice and criminal record.   Some of the information of the physician which is known to the public includes:-1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disciplinary actions taken by the Board against the physician in the past2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Disciplinary actions taken by the Board of another state or agency against the physician in the past3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Felony convictions against the physician by the Board after the year 1991.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Misdemeanor convictions against the physician by the Board after the year 2006.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Minor violations of law by the physician6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether a hospital has taken certain disciplinary actions against the physician that has resulted in termination of the services provided by the physician7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Malpractice judgments and arbitrations where the awards were above US $ 30, 000.Once the Board receives a complaint from the public, a thorough investigation is held in order to gather evidence against the erring physician.   Usually complaints against the physician should be filed with seven years of the occurrence of the event.   However, there are several exceptions to this limitation period such as cases involving sexual abuse, criminal liability and abuse of a minor.   Once the complaint is received at the office, it is thoroughly reviewed by the supervisor and handled out to an investigator.   Serious complaints (such as death of the patient, physical injury, criminal misconduct, etc) are given priority and are handled promptly.   The Board will intimate the appropriate law enforcement agency in case the patient has to b e protected.   The Board will notify the person about the status of the complaint during all stages.   The Board will thoroughly investigate the case.   The physician, witnesses, complainant, etc, may be interviewed for their versions of the incident.   An expert committee may be set up to provide expert advice of the case.The medical records of the patient and the details of the physician submitted during the application process are also reviewed and may be taken as evidence.   The Board drafts investigations documents and serves them to the required body.   It also performs undercover search operations and provides search warrants.   After the physician is interviewed, the expert committee assesses the situations and suggests the standard of proof existing.   Once evidence is obtained by the Medical Board that a medical malpractice has occurred, it is immediately submitted before the Office of the Attorney General and the Health Quality Enforcement Section.   The AG’s Office will study the case if sufficient evidence exist, and if it does, charges are framed.   If strong and clear evidence exists against the physician, civil litigation charges are filed.   If a criminal element is involved, the standard of proof needs to be higher.   Such cases are further handed over to the Court for review before the Administrative Law Judge for public hearing.   If sufficient evidence is not obtained, the case may have to be closed.   If the violation that has occurred is insufficient to file a review before the administrative law judge, the case may also have to be closed.If the physician has committed a grossly negligent act that has caused the death of the patient, he/she could be held criminally liable.   The information is first presented to the Coroner.   An initial report is filed with the Medical Board and includes all information such as name of the physician, date of death, place of death, etc.   Within 90 days the Corone r’s report should be followed with the autopsy report.   The cause of death is usually established through expert evidences.   Expert testimonials are also utilized in civil cases.   Most cases of criminal negligence may be punished with criminal imprisonment and fines.   The fines usually cannot be paid from Insurance companies.   The physician may have to pay for the fine through his/her own means.   In criminal cases in California, peer review material was not protected from discovery.   This may be different from other state criminal laws, as in criminal proceedings, peer review material are secluded from discovery.   Section 805.2 of the Business and Professional Code provides for the peer review process of during malpractice cases.   The Peer review group will conduct a fair, objective and free study, separate from the Board, or the Physician.

Galaxy Quest Essays

Galaxy Quest Essays Galaxy Quest Essay Galaxy Quest Essay The 1999 movie galaxy Quest, created by Frank Ross, is still considered as one of the best science fiction movie ever produced.   Its popularity can be witnessed by the worldwide loyal followers from different countries and of different ages.   This paper will make an assessment on who the real hero of the film is, and on what grounds this assessment had been made. Galaxy Quest, which stars a team of space soldiers headed by Commander Taggert, and members of the crew such as Dr. Lazarus, Lt. Tawny Madison, Lt. Laredo, and Security Chief Ingersol, comprises the officers on board the starship NSEA Protector- the main battle cruiser of the fleet.   And together, they make up for all of the conflicts and dà ©nouement, each sharing his own part of the story, plot and characterization. It is because of this aspect, the equal sharing of every character in the story, which makes me conclude that the true hero of the film is the entire team itself, and not confined to a particular individual, as what is usually practiced in other films.   The transformation from a mere actor, whose concern is limited to his own professional career, to an inter-galactic hero, who eventually saves an entire planet and eradicated an evil alien commander, can be said to all of the members of the team.   The film had also shown each member’s acceptance and the eventual improvement in his role and duties as a member of the NSEA Protector, and their own personal conflicts involved in the acceptance process of their roles as the real-life soldier/savior of a species. : Thus it can be concluded that the entire Galaxy Quest team is the real hero of the film.   It had been clearly established that not one character was dominant in the story, not even their leader, Commander Taggert, can be considered as solely responsible for their triumphant endeavors.   Each had his own faults, and each of them had overcome those through team support and friendship. Reference: Johnson, M. Newirth, C. (Producers), Parisot, D. (Director). 1999. Galaxy Quest [Motion Picture].   United States: Dreamworks SKG.

The impact of globalisation on work and employment Essay

The impact of globalisation on work and employment - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that globalisation has over the years led to the development of diverse changes in almost all sectors of the global economy and these include having an impact on work and employment. Globalisation is a force that has come to lead to a serious break with past practices and has instead ushered in a new era where employment opportunities, as well as work, have become more accessible for some part of the population. While this has been the case, globalisation has become essential for the sustenance of the economy because it is through the new trends that it has brought about that it has become possible for the different needs of the market to be satisfied. However, despite its being a significant factor in the global economy, it has also brought about a situation where the said economy has come to be dictated upon by market forces. Globalisation has brought about the importance of market forces which have had an impact on work and employment. I t has been argued that globalisation has led to a situation where the new market that has developed is one has changed the nature of work and organisations for the better. It has further been argued that these changes are increasingly becoming relevant because a significant number of individuals in the world today are taking advantage of opportunities presented within the new work system in order to ensure that the take an active part in the economy. Newer organisational changes have made sure that the work environment has become more flexible and is one which helps in the personal development of employees involved.

Can qualitative research be valid and reliable Essay

Can qualitative research be valid and reliable - Essay Example This is because without the help of this guideline we cannot determine whether when standard procedures are used to analyze data, will result to inferences that are biased. This suggests that it only by understands the activities in data generation process that will enable one produce a valid explanatory inference. Kirk and Miller (1985:25) state that most methodologies used in qualitative research come in package with a range of reliability checks but none with validity. Therefore, social science relies almost completely on methods that are used to assure reliability considering that ideal validity is not achievable in theory. This idea is based on the fact that all measurement is to some extent are suspect because all measuring instruments cannot be perfectly controlled. This brings an argument that the tool used to measure in a research is closely related to the subject under observation and to that; it is apparently providing applicable data. According to Silverman (2006:43), it is not to be assumed that the only way to ascertain the validity of qualitative research is through the use of techniques used in quantitative research. Other attempts have been made to establish qualitative investigations validity. The decision of which observation is to be selected in qualitative research, is very critical for the conclusion of the study and to the degree its product’s determination and its reliability. Many opportunities are present that permit bias to interrupt our selection methods. This is because often selection conditions in qualitative research are implicit and made with no self conscious challenge to assess possible biases. Many sources of biases are invited when randomness is abandoned during selection (King, Keohane and Verba, 2001:128). According to Silverman (2006:279-89), reliability in the context of qualitative research has been related to the generation of a measurable concept. This implies that consistently recording of observations is a re liable method. Similarly, researchers believe that reliability is the dependability of the degree of consistency. Having pointed out that, researchers use a variety of methods when collecting data such as interviews, participation and documents among others to collect their observations hence creating a consistent record of observations (Rubin and Babbie, 2010). Though opinions vary regarding the degree of reliability that can be addressed in qualitative research, there is a sound interpretation by Silverman that need to be considered. When measuring a concept by construct validity, the measure of a concept is related to another concept’s measure whereby the two concepts are said to be related, illustration of construct validity is done in this way. This involves a researcher to specify that the two concepts are related (Ragin, Nagel and White, 2004). This implies that when the measures are related, each measure has construct validity of the other but if they are not related then there is no construct validity. Measures lack face validity if good reasons emerge to question the correlation of the measure to the concept under study. This measure of validity is

Classical Economists and Their Philosophy Literature review

Classical Economists and Their Philosophy - Literature review Example All the terms are part of the business strategy which is actually and play a decisive role in constructing marketing tactics (Stigler, 1957). The classical economists had always talked about business tactics. The idea of growth and competitor business strategy is part of their explanation. Here are some who described economics and behavioural finance in all different perspective: Among major terminologies of economics, the classical economists have given much importance to the term â€Å"Competition†. Competition is something that surrounds the basic business environment, in which there are competitors, consumers and the market. Entrepreneurs call it a â€Å"business constraint†, as it changes for the success or failure of business at the same time. The economists have provided several teachings in understanding the term â€Å"competition†. This is for the business strategists and those who seek technical strength for competing in the market. In the late 19th cen tury just after World War II ended, the term â€Å"competition† was felt in different occasions of the business culture. The business strategists discussed it on all intense occasions of the business and tried to fit it in different situations like in a situation of a â€Å"perfect market† or a situation of â€Å"business equilibrium† (balance of supply and demand). ... According to Smith, one is excessive supply tactics where the prices get automatically high for competition, while the other is fewer supply tactics where the prices increase and set a demand. This is how competition floats in the market, and the rivals plan according to the same effective strategy (Stigler, 1957). Adam Smith emphasized on following five conditions which set a competitive advantage of one entrepreneur to another: The competitors should work independently instead of working collectively. A competitor should attain an advantage by minimizing the advantage for the next competitor. The competitor should attain full knowledge of the market to attain a parallel advantage. The competitors are free to work on such knowledge. Resources should be vitally utilized in order to stabilize the presence in the market. The following above statements worked in the agriculture sector where there is no such â€Å"monopoly â€Å"according to modern economists. However, the idea of comp etition is quite clear in a general way as everyone knew how to race in an environment where the competition is simply to bid one another. This is the definition of â€Å"business environment† which modern economists summarize in their literature work (Stigler, 1957). John Elliott Cairnes and â€Å"Industrial Competition† J.E.Cairnes a pioneer of classical economist got labelled in Industrial competition. He described competition as a condition where there is an exchange of capital and labour between the Industrial partners. He focused on the environment of non-competing Industrial groups. In case of capital, his ideology got successfully applied as capital is easy to transfer and sacrifice, but in the labour, it gets hard because the workmen are solely dedicated to their specialized field and cannot compromise their profession in terms of extra remuneration or wage.     

Mauveine: History, Properties and Structure

Mauveine: History, Properties and Structure Introduction One of the most important events of 1856 was the discovery of the first successful artificial dye, mauveine (aniline purple, mauve dye, Tyrian purple) by William Perkin. The discovery of mauveine led to rapidly growth of fashion trend and discovery of new synthetic dyes. Nowadays there are more than three million dyes (WordPress.com). Most dyes used back in the XIX century were derived from natural products such as animals, vegetables or minerals. The dyes made from natural products at that time were expensive and required a large amount of labour. The main disadvantage of natural dyes was their tendency to fade. The invention of mauveine was major landmark in the history of technology and science which brought great benefits to textile and synthetic dye industry. However most people do not aware of the origin of those colours, especially world’s first synthetic dye mauveine and chemical reactions beyond the mauveine dye production. This paper will discuss the historical background of mauveine invention, chemical structure of mauveine, chemical synthesis methods of mauveine and applications. Historical background In 1834, German chemist August Wilhem Hofmann was working derivatives of coal tar to produce a quinine substance for treatment of malaria. At that time, young William Perkin was one of the Hofmann’s assistants and embarked to solve this problem. In 1856, while Hofmann went back to visit Germany, Perkin conducted some experiments in the laboratory at his home to achieve Hofmann’s goal. Perkin oxidised the aniline in the presence of potassium dichromate and obtained black coloured sludge. At the end of the experiment Perkin diluted the black sludge with alcohol and gained a purple solution. Perkin patented his new discovery and established the company ‘Perkin and Sons’. In June 1857 the company ‘Perkin and Sons’ began its work producing synthetic dyes. It should be emphasized that many technical problems occurred during the operation of the company such as large scale of benzene nitration and nitrobenzene reduction. The aniline purple was obtained in poor yields, because the oxidation step required optimisation. By 1864, the company was able to trade its product as a crystalline solid. In spite of the wealth which came with successful dye production, Perkin continued his experimental works in chemistry. After his successful introduction of aniline purple in Britain, next step for Perkin was to export mauveine abroad. However, Perkin’s effort to introduce his invention in France ended unsuccessfully as his patent was invalidated. Invention of the Perkins aniline purpleencouraged other chemists to work on new synthetic dyes. For instance, in 1856 Natanson discovered magenta (triphenylmethane dye) by oxidising aniline with chloride. As it was mentioned above, developments of synthetic dye chemistry in modern times takes its background from mauveine. Taking the historical background into consideration, mauveine made our world more colorful than it was before(‘the chemistry and application of dyes’, edited by David R. Waring, and Geoffrey Hallas, Plenum Press, New York 1990, p age 4-5). Chemical structure and properties of mauveine. The structure and consist of mauveine for many years had remained mystery. First attempts establishing mauveine molecular structure was made by Perkin himself. Perkin derived similar dye when oxidised toluidine and xylidine. However, pure aniline gave dye with poorer quality than that obtained from original impure aniline. This product was called pseudomauveine which was derivative of mauveine. Perkin concluded that mauveine contains both pseudo-mauveine () and a trimethyl derivative. At that time Perkin could not determine every atom in the molecule and so he attempted to determine mauveines constitutional formula by identified properties of mauve. In 1879 Perkin came to conclusion that mauveine can be derived only from aniline and para-toluidine. It should be emphasized that Perkins work determined a molecular formula of mauveine but not a molecular structure. Other works to determine molecular structure of mauveine was done by Fischer, Hepp and Nietzki. By synthesising pseudo-mauv eine in several times they discovered pseudomauveines structure. Oxidative couplings were involved in this synthesis as shown in figure 1. Synthetic methods for pseudomauveine figure 1. However, there was little evidence to proof mauveines chemical structure (figure 2). Mauveine figure 2. Only in 1994, the structure of mauveine determined through the work of Meth-Cohn and Smith. They emphasised two compounds as a key chromophores to obtain mauveine, mauveine A with C26 structure and mauveine B with C27 structure (scheme 1). Meth-Cohn and Smith analysed seven dyed textiles and seven mauve salts from different museum such as Science museum in London (scML), Chandler Museum (Columbia University), Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester (MSIM) and Perth Museum in Scotland. Meth-Cohn and Smith analysed major components of those samples by mass spectroscopy and NMR spectrometry and found presence of different methylated homologues of pseudo-mauveine. Different chromospheres are shown in table 1 amongst the historical samples which Meth-Cohn and Smith had found. A B B2 B3+B4 C C1 ScML1 1 2 50 23 10 5 4 5 1.3 ScML2 1 3 37 26 13 6 5 8 0.8 ScML3 1 2 54 16 9 4 5 8 1.8 ScML4 1 2 37 31 12 5 5 8 0.8 MSIM1 2 39 33 12 5 4 6 0.8 MSIM2 49 41 7 3 CM 1 2 50 24 8 4 5 7 1.4 Table1. Percentage of chronophers which found from mauveine samples Meth-Cohn and Smith discovered that all mauveine samples which prepared by Perkin was mixture of about thirteen different compounds with 7-amino-5-phenyl-3-(phenylamino)-phenazin-5-ium core. The majority of the historical samples of mauve which were investigated by Meth-Cohn and Smith had both A or B mauveines. Apart from that almost all historical samples of mauveine contained mono, tetra methylated derivatives of pseudo-mauveine. Mauveine B2 (C27) and C25A, C25B were important fingerprint markers of textiles and salts amongst these. In addition, for the first time Meth-Cohn and Smith identified pseudo-mauveine in the historical sample, this was described by Perkin as a second colouring source. As it was mentioned above, the mauveine contained pseudo-mauveine, which is very soluble, uncrystallisable salt and another one is less soluble, crystalline salt obtained from para-toluidine and aniline. One of the important properties of mauveine is fastness with silk which they colour. Chemical synthesis methods of mauveine As mentioned in previous sections William Perkin did not discover the mauveine intentionally, his main aim was preparing quinine (). As chemistry were in the early stage of its development there were little known about quinines structural formula. Taking into account of the molecular formulas of quinine and allyl toluidine Perkin came to the relationship shown in equation 1 and he attempted the preparation of quinine by oxidising allyl toluidine in the presence of potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid: Equation1 In his note Perkin wrote ‘that no quinine was formed, but only a dirty reddish brown precipitate’. However, Perkin was not aware at that time structure of allyl toluidine and quinine. If he had known the structure, he would certainly choose other route for synthesising quinine: The synthesis of mauveine starting aniline also required toluidine impurities (equation 2): Application of mauveine Alcoholic extract of mauveine gives very brilliant purple colour which cannot be removed and stable during washing. Perkin quickly considered its potential as a dyestuff for textiles and fabrics. Another useful application of mauveine is food colouring dye. In United States during 1900th the mauveine was used as food colouring with different names such as violate paste, rosolan, Perkin’s violate. Conclusion This short essay has considered history of the mauveine discovery, chemical structure and properties, synthesising way of mauveine. The discovery of mauveine led to rapidly change in global fashion and chemical industry. The Perkins discovery cannot be judged by today’s knowledge and consider as a luck. There were many things which have been discovered and invented, however they were forgotten as it did not find any practical application. Perkin had the ability to combine the theoretical and practical work from his experiment. Perkin’s discovery still has not lost its significance in modern synthetic dye chemistry and contributed to development of modern fashion. Galymzhan

HIPAA Act of 1996 :: Health, Health Information

â€Å"The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 made it illegal to gain access to personal medical information for any reasons other than health care delivery, operations, and reimbursements† (Shi & Singh, 2008, p. 166). â€Å"HIPAA legislation mandated strict controls on the transfer of personally identifiable health data between two entities, provisions for disclosure of protected information, and criminal penalties for violation† (Clayton 2001). â€Å"HIPAA also has privacy requirements that govern disclosure of patient protected health information (PHI) placed in the medical record by physicians, nurses, and other health care providers† (Buck, 2011). Always remember conversations about a patient’s health care or treatment is a violation of HIPAA. â€Å"All PHI is included in the privacy requirements for example: the patient’s past, present or future physical or mental health or condition; the provision of health ca re to the individual, or the past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to the individual, and that identifies the individual or for which there is a reasonable basis to believe it can be used to identify the individual† (Buck, 2011). Other identifiable health information would be the patient’s name, address, birth date and Social Security Number (Keomouangchanh, 2011). (Word count 197) There has been some ethical issues surrounding the development and use of technology, that would consist of some advancements, such as â€Å"when in vitro fertilization is applied in medical practice and leads to the production of spare embryos, the moral question is what to do with these embryos† (Shi & Singh, 2008, p. 182). As for ethical dilemmas that comes into play with â€Å"gene mapping of humans, genetic cloning, stem cell research, and others areas of growing interest to scientist† (Shi & Singh, 2008, p. 182). â€Å"Life support technology raises serious ethical issues, especially in medical decisions regarding continuation or cessation of mechanical support, particularly when a patient exists in a permanent vegetative state† (Shi & Singh, 2008, p. 182). Health care budgets are limited throughout this world, making it hard for advancements yet even harder to develop the advancements with restraints. Which brings us back to the â€Å"social, ethical, and legal constraints, public and private insurers face the problem deciding whether or not to cover novel treatments† 188. Similarly what was mentioned before the decisions about â€Å"new reproductive techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection in vitro fertilization (ICSIIVF), new molecular genetics predictive tests for hereditary breast cancer, and the newer drugs such as sildenafil (Viagra) for sexual dysfunction† (Giacomini, 2005).